Measuring the Mass of the Universe Isn't As Simple as Astronomers Thought

Astronomers are facing challenges with the traditional methods used to calculate the mass of the universe. As Universe Today tells it, scientists have long relied on a mathematical rule called the initial mass function to estimate the number of small, unseen stars in galaxies. However, this tool relies on the assumption that stars form in roughly the same mass proportions everywhere, a premise that is now being questioned.

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